Jump to content

Saharanpur

Coordinates: 29°57′50″N 77°32′45″E / 29.96389°N 77.54583°E / 29.96389; 77.54583
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the municipality (municipal corporation) in Uttar Pradesh, India. For its namesake district, see Saharanpur district.

Saharanpur
City
Shakumbari Devi Temple
Saharanpur Junction railway station
Saharanpur is located in Uttar Pradesh
Saharanpur
Saharanpur
Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
Saharanpur is located in India
Saharanpur
Saharanpur
Saharanpur (India)
Coordinates: 29°57′50″N 77°32′45″E / 29.96389°N 77.54583°E / 29.96389; 77.54583
Country India
StateUttar Pradesh
DistrictSaharanpur
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodySaharanpur Municipal Corporation
 • MayorDr. Ajay Kumar Singh (BJP)[1]
 • Lok Sabha MPImran Masood (INC)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total
705,478
Languages
 • OfficialHindi, Urdu, Khariboli
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
247001/02
Telephone code0132
Vehicle registrationUP-11
AirportSarsawa Airport
Sex ratio1000/898 ♂/♀
Websitesaharanpur.nic.in

Saharanpur is a city and a municipal corporation in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is also the administrative headquarters of Saharanpur district.

Saharanpur city's name was given after the Saint Shah Haroon Chishti.[2]

Saharanpur is declared as one amongst the 100 Smart Cities by MOUD as a part of Smart Cities Mission of the Government of India.

Historical

[edit]
See also: History of Uttar Pradesh and Saharanpur division

Medieval period

[edit]

During the reign of Iltutmish (r 1211–1236), the region became a part of the Delhi Sultanate. At that time, most of the area remained covered with forests and marshlands, through which the Paondhoi, Dhamola, and Ganda Nala rivers flowed. The climate was humid and malaria outbreaks were common. Muhammad bin Tughluq, the Sultan of Delhi (1325–1351), undertook a campaign in the northern doab to crush the rebellion of the Shivalik kings in 1340, when according to local tradition he learned of the presence of a sufi saint on the banks of the Paondhoi River. After visiting the sage, he ordered that henceforth this region would be known as 'Shah-Haroonpur', after the Sufi Saint Shah Haroon Chishti.[3] The simple but well-preserved tomb of this saint is situated in the oldest quarter of Saharanpur city, between the Mali Gate/Bazar Dinanath and Halwai Hatta. By the end of the 14th century, the power of the Sultanate had declined and it was attacked by Timur the Lame (1336–1405) of Central Asia. Timur had marched through the Saharanpur region in 1399 to sack Delhi and people of the region fought his army unsuccessfully. A weakened Sultanate was later conquered by the Central Asian Mogul king Babur (1483–1531).

Mughal period

[edit]

In the 16th century, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan), invaded across the Khyber Pass and founded the Mughal Empire, covering India, along with modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh[4] The Mughals were descended from Persianised Central Asian Turks (with significant Mongol admixture).

During the Mughal period, Akbar (1542–1605), Saharanpur became an administrative unit under the Province of Delhi. Akbar bestowed the feudal jagir of Saharanpur to the ,Raja Sah Ranveer Singh, an Aggarwal Jain who laid the foundations of the present-day city on the site of an army cantonment. The nearest settlements at that time were Shekhpura and Malhipur. Saharanpur was a walled city, with four gates: the Sarai Gate, the Mali Gate, the Buria Gate, and the Lakhi Gate. The city was divided into the neighbourhoods named Nakhasa Bazar, Shah Behlol, Rani Bazar and Lakhi Gate. The ruins of Shah Ran Veer Singh's old fort can still be seen in the Chaudharian locality of Saharanpur, not far from the better known 'Bada-Imam-bada'. He also built a large Jain temple in Muhallah/Toli Chaundhariyan,[5] it is now known as the 'Digamber-Jain Panchayati Mandir'.

The Sayyids and Rohillas

[edit]

Mughal emperors Akbar and later Shah Jahan (1592–1666) bestowed the administrative pargana of Sarwat on Muslim Sayyid families. In 1633, one of them founded a city and named it and the surrounding region Muzaffarnagar, in honour of his father, Sayyid Muzaffar Ali Khan. The Sayyids ruled the area until the 1739 invasion by Nadir Shah. After his departure, anarchy prevailed across the entire doab with the region ruled in succession by Jats. Taking advantage of this anarchy, the Rohillas took control of the entire trans-Gangetic region.

Ahmad Shah Durrani, the Afghan ruler who invaded Northwestern and Northern India in the 1750s, conferred the territory of Saharanpur as Jagir on Rohilla chief Najaf Khan, who assumed the title of Nawab Najeeb-ud-Daula and took up residence in Saharanpur in 1754. He made Gaunsgarh his capital and tried to strengthen his position against Maratha Empire attacks by entering an alliance with the Hindu Gurjar chieftain Manohar Singh. In 1759, Najeeb-ud-Daula issued a Deed of Agreement handing over 550 villages to Manohar Singh, who became the Raja of Landaura.

Maratha period

[edit]

In 1757, the Maratha army captured the Saharanpur region, which resulted in Najeeb-ud-Daula losing control of Saharanpur to the Maratha rulers Raghunath Rao and Malharao Holkar. The conflict between Rohillas and Marathas came to an end on 18 December 1788 with the arrest of Ghulam Qadir, the grandson of Najeeb-ud-Daula, who was defeated by the Maratha general Mahadaji Scindia. The most significant contribution of Nawab Ghulam Qadir to Saharanpur city is the Nawab Ganj area and the Ahmedabadi fortress therein, which still stands. The death of Ghulam Qadir put an end to the Rohilla administration in Saharanpur and it became the northernmost district of the Maratha Empire. Ghani Bahadur Banda was appointed its first Maratha governor. The Maratha Regime saw the construction of the Bhuteshwar Temple and Bagheshwar Temple in Saharanpur city. In 1803, following the Second Anglo-Maratha War, when the British East India Company defeated the Maratha Empire, Saharanpur came under British suzerainty.[6]

British colonial period (1803–1947 AD)

[edit]

Saharanpur was the home to the first armed rebellion against British rule in Uttar Pradesh. In 1813 there was mass revolt by the Hindu Gujjars of Saharanpur against British rule, but it was quickly suppressed. In 1824. Raja Kunja Singh, formerly the taluqdar of Kunja near Roorkee, led an armed revolt against East India Company rule and established a quasi-independent state; however, after fierce battle the rebellion was quashed. It was found later by British authorities that the Gujjars of surrounding districts were about to come to the aid of Kunja Singh, but by then he had been defeated.[7]

When India rebelled in 1857 against the foreign Company's occupation, now referred to as the First War of Indian Independence, the Saharanpur and the present-day Muzaffarnagar Districts were part of that uprising. The centre of freedom fighters' operations was Shamli, a small town in the Muzaffarnagar region which was liberated for some time. After the uprising failed, British retribution was severe. Death and destruction was particularly directed against the Muslims of the region, whom the British considered as the main instigators of the rebellion (even though Hindu Gurjars were the ones who had led the revolt ).[8] When social reconstruction started, the cultural and political history of Muslims began to revolve around Deoband and Aligarh. Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, both proponents of the reformer Shah Waliullah's ideology for social and political rejuvenation, established a school in Deoband in 1867. It found popularity and global recognition as the Darul Uloom Deoband. Its founders' mission was twofold: to raise and spread a team of scholars able to awaken the religious and social consciousness of Muslims through peaceful methods and to make efforts, through them, to educate Muslims in their faith and culture; and to bring about a feeling of nationalism and national unity by promoting the concept of Hindu-Muslim unity and a united India. Muslim scholars in the city of Saharanpur were active supporters of this ideology and went on to establish the Mazahir Uloom theological seminary six months later.


Royal Family

[edit]

In 1845, Nawab Rao Wazir-ud-Din Khan became a distinguished member and voter of the Mughal Darbar at the Red Fort in Delhi, owing to his cordial relationship with the Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar. At the time, he was the wealthiest individual in the district of Saharanpur, holding an impressive estate of 52,000 acre of land. He was the lord of 57 villages, including Sheikhpura, Landohra, Tapri, Piragpur, Yousfpur, Badshapur, Harhati, Nazirpura, Santgarh, Lakhnor, Subri, Pathri, and several others. Rao Wazir-ud-Din Khan's relationship with the British Governors was equally amicable, and in recognition of his influence and leadership, he was conferred the prestigious title of "Badsha-e-Waqt" — meaning "The King of His Period." His death in 1895, at Sheikhpura Qudeem (Saharanpur), marked the end of an era, leaving behind a legacy of wealth, power, and respect. He had two sons, Nawab Rao Mashooq Ali Khan and Nawab Rao Ghafoor Muhammad Ali Khan. Among them, it was Nawab Rao Ghafoor Muhammad Ali Khan's eldest son, Nawab Rao Maqsood Ali Khan, who rose to prominence. Known for his exemplary intellect and distinguished education, Nawab Maqsood Ali Khan was a graduate of both Aligarh Muslim University and the University of Oxford. He was not only a highly educated scholar but also a deeply spiritual and compassionate individual. His kindness and amiable nature made him beloved by the people of his region. Nawab Maqsood Ali Khan demonstrated great resourcefulness, notably during times of famine and crop loss, when he took it upon himself to protect the poor and destitute from suffering. His benevolence and efforts in alleviating the hardships of the common people earned him widespread respect. Moreover, he became a disciple of the revered Sufi saint, Hazrat Sheikh Bahauddin, a descendant of the legendary Tipu Sultan. Through this spiritual connection, Nawab Maqsood Ali Khan played a vital role in spreading the teachings of Sufism throughout the Saharanpur region. A man of great intellect, Nawab Maqsood Ali Khan authored numerous books in English and Persian. However, it is a tragic loss that much of his written work was lost after his passing. Despite this, his contributions to society remained etched in the hearts and minds of his people. He was not only the lord of extensive estates in Saharanpur and Dehradun but also a philanthropist deeply committed to the welfare of his community. His donations included land for madrasas (schools) and dargahs (Sufi shrines), and he provided substantial support to impoverished farmers. In recognition of his immense contributions to society, Nawab Maqsood Ali Khan was honored by Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India, in a formal ceremony held in Dehradun. His legacy of philanthropy, leadership, and spiritual depth left an indelible mark on the region. Following his death in 1973 at Sheikhpura Qudeem, Nawab Maqsood Ali Khan's children continued his legacy. His sons, Nawab Rao Ghulam Muhi-ud-Din Khan, Nawab Rao Zamir Haider Khan, Nawab Rao Yaqoob Khan, and Nawab Rao Ghulam Hafiz Khan, upheld the family’s noble heritage. Nawab Rao Zamir Haider Khan's son, Prince Shameem Haider Rao, is a prominent figure in contemporary times. Known for his work as a fashion model, as well as for his philanthropic endeavors, he currently resides between the United Kingdom and the United States. The legacy of Nawab Rao Wazir-ud-Din Khan and his descendants stands as a testament to the enduring influence of their leadership, intellect, and deep commitment to the welfare of their people.

Geography and climate

[edit]
Barbers in Saharanpur, a painting by Edwin Lord Weeks (1849–1903)

Saharanpur is located at 29°58′N 77°33′E / 29.97°N 77.55°E / 29.97; 77.55, about 130 kilometres (81 mi) south-southeast of Chandigarh, 170 kilometres (110 mi) north-northeast of Delhi, 65 kilometres (40 mi) north-northeast of Shamli and about 61 kilometres (38 mi) south-west of Dehradun. It has an average elevation of 291 metres (955 ft). Saharanpur is a part of a geographical doab region. Saharanpur district joins four states together Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Haryana.

Climate data for Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 20
(68) 		22
(72) 		28
(82) 		41
(106) 		44
(111) 		46
(115) 		36
(97) 		35
(95) 		36
(97) 		34
(93) 		28
(82) 		24
(75) 		30
(86)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13
(55) 		15
(59) 		20
(68) 		26
(79) 		30
(86) 		31
(88) 		29
(84) 		28
(82) 		27
(81) 		23
(73) 		18
(64) 		13
(55) 		23
(73)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0
(32) 		4
(39) 		9
(48) 		14
(57) 		17
(63) 		23
(73) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		22
(72) 		16
(61) 		10
(50) 		1
(34) 		16
(61)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 30
(1.2) 		40
(1.6) 		20
(0.8) 		10
(0.4) 		10
(0.4) 		70
(2.8) 		240
(9.4) 		200
(7.9) 		120
(4.7) 		20
(0.8) 		0
(0) 		10
(0.4) 		830
(32.7)
Average precipitation days 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.4 2.8 7.5 7.6 2.7 1.0 0.6 0.9 30.3
Source: Weatherbase[9]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1901 66,254—    
1911 62,850−5.1%
1921 62,261−0.9%
1931 78,665+26.3%
1941 105,622+34.3%
1951 148,435+40.5%
1961 185,213+24.8%
1971 225,396+21.7%
1981 295,355+31.0%
1991 374,945+26.9%
2001 455,754+21.6%
2011 705,478+54.8%
Source: [10]: 470–471 

According to the 2011 Indian census, Saharanpur had a population of 705,478, 12.5% of whom were under the age of six, living in 129,856 households within the municipal corporation limits.[11]: 26–27  The city is spread over an area of 46.74 km2 (18.05 sq mi) and with a population density of 15,093.67/km2 (39,092.4/sq mi), is the eleventh most populous city in Uttar Pradesh.[12] Saharanpur had a population of 455,754 in 2001 and 374,945 in 1991.[10]

Males constitute of 52.7% of the total population while females constitute of 47.3% of the total population and thus, the city has a sex ratio of 891 females for every 1,000 males. The city has an average literacy rate of 76.32%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes account for 14.2% and 0.1% of the population respectively.[11] There are 233,196 people, constituting about 33% of the total population, who live in slums in the city.[10]

Religions in Saharanpur City (2011)[13]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 50.92%
Islam
 
 45.89%
Sikhism
 
 1.23%
Jainism
 
 1.03%
Other or not stated
 
 0.45%

Roughly half of the city's population are Hindus, who form a slight majority, while Muslims constitute about 45 percent of the total population. Sikhs and Jains are also present in smaller numbers.[13]

Languages in Saharanpur town (2011)[14]
  1. Hindi (71.23%)
  2. Urdu (27.08%)
  3. Khari Boli (1.23%)
  4. Others (0.46%)

The most widely spoken language in Saharanpur is Hindi, which along with Urdu is the official language of Uttar Pradesh.[15] There are significant numbers of Urdu and Punjabi speakers, while Haryanvi is also spoken, as the district shares a border with Haryana.[14] The standard dialect of Hindi spoken is the Khari Boli dialect.[16]

Government and politics

[edit]

Saharanpur city is governed by Saharanpur Municipal Corporation, erstwhile Municipal Council.[17] The city is divided into 4 zones and 70 wards,[18] represented by 70 councillors who were elected by municipal or local elections in 2017 for a five-year term.[19] The head of the administrative wing is the Municipal Commissioner, currently Ms.Gazal Bharadwaj,[20] while the head of the elected wing is the mayor, Dr Ajay Kumar Singh, from the BJP.[21][22]

The city is also part of the Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency, which elected Imran Masood from the Indian National Congress in 2024 as the Member of Parliament, and part of the Saharanpur Assembly constituency that elected Ashu Malik from the Samajwadi Party in 2022 as the MLA.[23]

Civic utilities

[edit]

There is only one sewage treatment plant located in Saharanpur,[24] while most of the waste water is discharged into the Hindon river, further polluting it.[25]

Culture

[edit]

Places of interest

[edit]

Company Garden

[edit]

The Saharanpur Botanical Gardens, known as the Company Garden and once the preserve of British East India Company, is one of the oldest existing gardens in India, dating to before 1750. Then named Farahat-Bakhsh, it was originally a pleasure ground set out by a local chief, Intazam ud-ullah. In 1817, it was acquired by the British East India Company[26] and placed under the authority of the District Surgeon. Joseph Dalton Hooker says of this Botanical Garden that "Amongst its greatest triumphs may be considered the introduction of the tea-plant from China, a fact I allude to, as many of my English readers may not be aware that the establishment of the tea-trade in the Himalaya and Assam is almost entirely the work of the superintendents of the gardens of Calcutta and Seharunpore."[27]

In 1887, when the Botanical Survey of India was set up to reform the country's botanical sciences, Saharanpur became the centre for the survey of the northern Indian flora. The Garden is seen historically as being second only to the Calcutta Gardens for its contribution to science and economy in India. Under private auspices today, it is full of greenery and has many different kinds of plants and flowers.[28]

Shakumbari Devi Temple

[edit]

Siddhpeeth Shri Shakumbhari Devi Temple is an important and ancient Hindu temple. It is situated in the Shivalik hills in Behat tehsil, 40 km from Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh.[29] It is one of the most visited pilgrimage centres in India. Every year lakhs of visitors visit the temple. Shakumbhari devi is a famous Shaktipeeth (shrine) of maa Durga.[30]

Wood Carving City

[edit]

Saharanpur, known as the "Wood Carving City," is a cultural and artistic hub in India noted for its hand-carved wooden artifacts.[31][32][33]

Archaeological site Hulas

[edit]

Situated about 40 km south of Saharanpur is an archaeological site yielding evidence of late Harappan settlement dating back to 2000 BC. It is one of the few significant Harappan sites in Western Uttar Pradesh besides Alamgirpur (Meerut district) and Bargaon (also in Saharanpur district).

Transport

[edit]
A train passing through Saharanpur Railway Station

Two major National Highways pass through Saharanpur – NH 709B and NH 344. The NH 709B originates in Saharanpur and connects it to Delhi via Shamli and Baghpat,[34] while the NH 344 connects Saharanpur with Ambala, Yamunanagar and Roorkee[35] and further connected to Panchkula in Haryana and Haridwar and Dehradun in Uttarakhand. Uttar Pradesh State Highway 57, commonly known as Delhi-Yamunotri highway, also passes through the city.[36] The Delhi–Saharanpur–Dehradun Expressway has also been proposed, which will be ready by March 2024.[37][38] Shamli- Ambala six lane expressway which is expected to be completed by 2025 will connect Gangoh Block of the district directly to Ambala.

Saharanpur Junction is the primary railway station serving the city. The station is under the administrative control of Ambala railway division of the Northern Railways,[39] and is located at the junction of Moradabad–Ambala line, Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line and the Delhi–Shamli–Saharanpur line. Saharanpur was connected with rail lines when the Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway completed the 483-kilometre-long (300 mi) Amritsar–Ambala–Saharanpur–Ghaziabad line in 1870 connecting Multan (now in Pakistan) with Delhi.[40] Another line connecting Saharanpur with Moradabad was completed in 1886.[41][42]

The Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway connecting Shahdara in Delhi with Saharanpur was opened to traffic in 1907. The railway was built in 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge and total length was 94.24 miles (151.66 km).[43][44][45] However, due to increasing losses, the railway was closed in 1970. It was later converted to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge and was repopened in the late 1970s.[44][45][46] Saharanpur falls on the route of the proposed 1,839-kilometre (1,143 mi) Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor project.[47]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "BJP's Ajay Kumar Singh wins by huge margin against Khadija Masood of BSP". ET Now News. 13 May 2023. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  2. ^ "History | District Saharanpur, Government of Uttar Pradesh | India". Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  3. ^ History Archived 25 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 21, p. 369. 1909.
  4. ^ The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire) Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Madhu Jain, O. C. Handa, and Omacanda Handa, Wood Handicraft: A Study of Its Origin and Development in Saharanpur, Indus Publishing (2000), pp. 22–24. ISBN 81-7387-103-5
  6. ^ Mayaram, Shail (7 January 2024). Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins Cultures of history. Columbia University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-231-12731-8.
  7. ^ Majumdar, R. C. (1971). History of the Freedom Movement in India: Volume I. Firma KL Mukhopadhyay. p. 108.
  8. ^ Stokes, E. (1969). "Rural Revolt in the Great Rebellion of 1857 in India: A Study of the Saharanpur and Muzaffarnagar Districts". The Historical Journal, 12(4), 606–627.
  9. ^ "Saharanpur, India Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  10. ^ a b c District Census Handbook Saharanpur Part-A (PDF). Lucknow: Directorate of Census Operations, Uttar Pradesh. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  11. ^ a b District Census Handbook Saharanpur Part-B (PDF). Lucknow: Directorate of Census Operations, Uttar Pradesh. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  12. ^ "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  13. ^ a b "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  14. ^ a b "2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue - Uttar Pradesh (Town Level)". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  15. ^ "52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
  16. ^ Syed Abdul Latif (1958), An Outline of the cultural history of India, Oriental Books, 1979, ... Khari Boli is spoken as mother-tongue in the following areas: (1) East of the Ganges, in the districts of Rampur, Bijnor and Moradabad,Bareilly, (2) between the Ganges and the Jamuna, in the districts of Meerut, Muzaffar Nagar, Azamgarh, Varanasi, May, Saharanpur and in the plain district of Dehradun, and (3) West of the Jamuna, in the urban areas of Delhi and Karnal and the eastern part of Ambala district ...
  17. ^ "Municipalities | District Saharanpur, Government of Uttar Pradesh | India". Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  18. ^ "Ward Map". Saharanpur Nagar Nigam. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  19. ^ Desk, India com News (2 December 2017). "Saharanpur Municipal Corporation Election 2017 Results Winners' List". India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News | India.com. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2020. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  20. ^ "UP's unique ATMs installed to sensitize hands and discharge Masks for only ₹5, initiative receives praises". The Youth. 10 September 2020. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  21. ^ "Dr Ajay Kumar Singh (Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SAHARANPUR(SAHARANPUR) – Affidavit Information of Candidate". Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  22. ^ "Saharanpur Mayor Election Result 2023: BJP's Dr Ajay Kumar Singh wins by 8000 votes". livehindustan. 18 April 2023. Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  23. ^ "Ashu-malik in Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections 2022". Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  24. ^ "Untapped drains, under-used STPs continue to pollute Hindon, Yamuna rivers". Hindustan Times. 16 August 2019. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  25. ^ "New plan on the anvil to restore polluted stretches of Hindon river". Hindustan Times. 16 August 2019. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  26. ^ Sharad Singh Negi, Biodiversity and its conservation in India Archived 25 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine 2nd revised ed. New Delhi, Indus Publishing (2008) ISBN 978-81-7387-211-2
  27. ^ "Joseph Dalton Hooker, Himalayan Journals, or Notes of a Naturalist ..., Kew (1854), vol. I, p. 5.
  28. ^ "Saharanpur Botanic Garden". Archived from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
  29. ^ "Shakumbhari Devi Temple | District Saharanpur, Government of Uttar Pradesh | India". Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  30. ^ "मां शाकम्भरी मन्दिर पर उमड़ा श्रद्धा का सैलाब, जानिए सिद्ध पीठ का पौराणिक महत्‍व". Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  31. ^ Chattopadhyay, Anindya. "Tale of a wooden city". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  32. ^ "Wood-carving industry: lending UP's Saharanpur identity but looking for a saviour". Hindustan Times. 11 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  33. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  34. ^ "New National Highway 709B notification – GOI" (PDF). The Gazette of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  35. ^ "Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of Indian National Highways" (PDF). Department of Road Transport and Highways. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  36. ^ "Complete Road_Detail's_SH" (PDF). Public Works Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  37. ^ goyal, raghav (25 February 2020). "Centre Gives In-Principle Approval For Dehradun-Delhi Expressway". TheQuint. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  38. ^ K. Dash, Dipak. "23 new expressways and highways coming up in next 5 years | India News – Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  39. ^ Ambala Division map and history Archived 18 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  40. ^ "IR History: Early Days II (1870–1899)". Archived from the original on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  41. ^ "Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway". Management Ebooks. Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  42. ^ "IR History – Early Days II (1870–1899)". IRFCA. Archived from the original on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  43. ^ "Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway". fibis. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  44. ^ a b R. Sivaramakrishnan. "Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway". IRFCA. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  45. ^ a b "IR History Part V (1970–1995)". IRFCA. Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  46. ^ "Speech of Shri Lalit Narayan Mishra introducing the Railway Budget for 1973–74, on 20th February 1973" (PDF). Light Railways. Indian Railways. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  47. ^ Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor Archived 8 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saharanpur.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saharanpur&oldid=1282578209"